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TOEFL BNC: 8664 COCA: 10637
refinementnounuk/rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/ us/rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/

refinement noun CHANGE

[ U ] the process of making a substance pure提炼；提纯；精炼

The refinement of raw opium yields other drugs, such as morphine.生鸦片经过提炼产生其他药物，如吗啡。

[ C or U ] a small change that improves something（精细的）改进，完善

These refinements have increased the machine's accuracy by 25 percent.经过这些改进，机器的准确率提高了25%。
Clearly, the hypothesis does need some refinement, in the light of these surprising results.很显然，从这些令人惊讶的结果来看，该假设确实需要进一步完善。

refinement noun POLITENESS

[ U ] a quality of politeness and education文雅；高雅；有教养

She's the personification of culture and refinement.她是文化与教养的化身。
TOEFL BNC: 8664 COCA: 10637
refinement

noun¹

 1improvement to/on sth; process of improving sth完善ADJECTIVE | ... OF REFINEMENT | VERB + REFINEMENT | PREPOSITION ADJECTIVE➤considerable, great相當大的改進；極大的改善◇A greater refinement of the categorization is possible.進行更加精細的分類是可能的。➤extra, further另外的改進；進一步的改善▸➤constant, continuous, progressive不斷的改進；逐步的改善◇the progressive refinement of their accounting technique他們的會計技術的逐步改進➤useful有益的改進◇It is possible to add a few useful refinements to the basic system.對基本系統進行一些有益的改良是可能的。➤technical技術改良▸➤modern現代化的改進... OF REFINEMENT➤degree, level一定程度的／一定水平的改善VERB + REFINEMENT➤need, require需要改善；要求改進◇The technology requires a great deal of refinement.還需要對技術進行很大改進。➤add, introduce附加改進裝置；引入改良裝置PREPOSITION➤refinement in在⋯方面的改進◇a refinement in the masonry石工技藝的改進➤refinement on在⋯上的改良◇a refinement on previous methods對先前方法的改良➤refinement to對⋯的改進◇to add a further refinement to the computer system對計算機系統作進一步改進
refinement

noun²

 2being polite/well educated; clever in design有禮貌；有教養；設計精巧ADJECTIVE | VERB + REFINEMENT | PREPOSITION | PHRASES ADJECTIVE➤great非常文雅◇a woman of great refinement and beauty溫文爾雅又很漂亮的女子VERB + REFINEMENT➤lack缺乏巧思◇The kite was star-shaped and lacked the refinement of current designs.這隻風箏是星形的，缺乏時尚的精妙設計。PREPOSITION➤refinement in在⋯方面的精細◇a lack of refinement in engine design發動機的設計不夠精細PHRASES➤a lack of refinement不夠精細
TOEFL BNC: 8664 COCA: 10637
TOEFL BNC: 8664 COCA: 10637
refinement
Changes: effect, change, trend...
The process of changing or making changes: transition, conversion, transformation...
Polite behaviour: courtesy, tact, chivalry...
Attitudes to art and culture: artistic, artsy, arty...
Chemical reactions and processes: action, adsorb, aerate...

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