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TOEFL BNC: 647 COCA: 649
close noun
⇨ endclose adj.
⇨ close (a close finish) ⇨ detailed (take a close look) ⇨ like prep. adj. (a close resemblance)close verb
⇨ close 1 (close a door/your eyes/a book) ⇨ close 2 (a factory closes/close a factory) ⇨ end (a meeting closes/close a meeting)close kləʊs; NAmE kloʊs

adjective

close ♦︎ even ♦︎ near ♦︎ narrow ♦︎ level ♦︎ marginal ♦︎ hard-fought ♦︎ neck and neckThese words all describe a race or contest in which two people or teams are equal, or a situation in which sth nearly happens or does not happen. 這些詞均表示比賽或競賽實力接近的、勢均力敵的，或情況幾乎出現或沒有出現。SYNONYM SCALE 詞義標尺 下圖顯示這些詞所表達勢均力敵的程度
close➔even
nearlevel
narrowneck and neck
marginal
hard-fought
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆level / neck and neck with sb◆a close / an even / a hard-fought contest◆a close / hard-fought battle / finish◆a narrow / hard-fought win / victory◆a narrow / marginal lead◆a close / narrow vote◆desperately close / hard-fought■ close (of a race or contest) won by only a small amount or distance; used to describe sth that nearly happens, usually a dangerous or unpleasant situation （速度比賽或競賽）實力相近的，以微弱優勢取勝的；（通常指危險或不好的事情幾乎發生）差一點兒，險些◆It's a desperately close race－I can't quite see who is ahead.這真是一場勢均力敵的比賽－我都分不太清楚誰在前面。◆The California election looks too close to call (= it is impossible to predict the result) as voters go to the polls.加州的選舉在選民投票時很難預測結果。◆The invasion never happened but it was a close run thing (= it almost did).侵略始終沒有發生，但是差一點就發生了。◆Phew! That was close－the motorbike nearly hit us.啊！好險！那輛摩托車差點兒就撞上我們了。■ even (of an amount) equal or the same for each person, team, place, etc.; (of two people or teams) equally balanced or of an equal standard （數量）相等的，均等的；（兩人或兩隊）均衡的，水平相當的◆The scores were even at 2-2.分數是2比2平。◆The political goal was a more even distribution of wealth.政治目標是更平均地分配財富。◆The two players were pretty even.這兩個選手不相上下。◆This seems to be a more even contest.這看來是一場更勢均力敵的競賽。OPP uneven ⓘ An uneven contest is one in which one group, team or player is much better than the other. * uneven形容比賽時指實力懸殊。■ near [only before noun] (no comparative or superlative 無比較級和最高級) being almost sth or almost happening 接近的；差不多的◆The election proved to be a near disaster for the party.這次選舉對該黨來說幾乎是一場災難。◆We won in the end but it was a near thing.我們最後獲勝了，但是赢得很驚險。◆The climbers had already had one near miss (= almost had an accident) on the summit.這群登山者已經有過一次在山頂上差點出事的經歷。■ narrow [usually before noun] only just achieved or avoided 勉強的；剛剛好的◆He blamed the goalkeeper for the narrow defeat against Ireland.被愛爾蘭隊險勝，他責怪起守門員來。◆She lost the race by the narrowest of margins.她以極小的差距在賽跑中落敗了。◆She was elected by a narrow majority.她以微弱多數當選。◆He had a narrow escape (= nearly had a bad accident) when his car skidded on the ice.車在冰上打滑，他險些出事。■ level [not before noun] (especially BrE) (in sport) having the same score as sb （體育運動）得分相同◆A good second round brought him level with the tournament leader.他第二輪發揮良好，使他與錦標賽領先的選手得分持平。◆The clubs are level on points.各俱樂部得分相同。◆The score was level at 5 points each.比分是5比5平。◆France took an early lead but Wales soon drew level (= scored the same number of points).法國隊開始領先，但很快威爾士隊扳平了比分。■ marginal ˈmɑːdʒɪnl; NAmE ˈmɑːrdʒɪnl [usually before noun] (especially BrE) (in politics) won or lost by a very small number of votes in the last election and therefore very important or interesting politically （議席或選區）邊緣的，遊離的（以微弱票數決定成敗）◆Their campaign targeted marginal constituencies.他們的競選活動針對邊緣選區。◆They risk losing key marginal seats at the next election.他們有失去下次選舉關鍵邊緣席位的風險。OPP safe ⓘ In British politics a safe seat is a constituency where a particular party has a lot of support and is unlikely to be defeated in an election. 在英國政治中，safe seat指某政黨穩操勝券的選區。■ ˌhard-ˈfought (of a contest or competition) that involves both sides fighting very hard to win （比賽）競爭激烈的◆It was a lively and hard-fought match.這是一場氣氛熱烈、競爭激烈的比賽。◆It was a hard-fought game.這是一場激烈的比賽。■ ˌneck and ˈneck

idiom

level with sb in a race or competition （速度比賽或競賽中）勢均力敵，不分上下，平手◆The cyclists were neck and neck as they approached the final lap.自行車運動員在接近最後一圈時戰況激烈。◆He was running neck and neck with his Democrat rival.他和他的民主黨競爭對手勢均力敵。close1 kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz

verb

 close a door/your eyes/a book 關門；閉眼；合上書a factory closes/close a factory 工廠倒閉；關閉工廠close ♦︎ shut ♦︎ lock ♦︎ slam ♦︎ draw ♦︎ boltThese words all mean to put sth such as a door into a position so that it covers an opening, or to move the parts of sth together so that it is no longer open. 這些詞均表示關上、合上、合攏。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to close / shut / lock / slam / bolt a door / gate◆to close / shut / lock a window / drawer / case / suitcase◆to close / shut / slam a shutter◆to close / shut / bolt a hatch◆to close / shut a / an / your box / lid / eyes / mouth / flap / valve / book / umbrella◆to close / draw the curtains / blinds◆a door / gate closes / shuts / slams◆sb's eyes close / shut◆to hear sth close / shut / slam◆to close / shut / lock / slam / bolt sth behind you◆to close / shut / lock / bolt sth firmly◆to close / shut sth tightly◆to half / partly close / shut / draw sth■ close kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz [transitive, intransitive] to put sth such as a door, window or lid into a position so that it covers an opening; to get into this position; to move the parts of sth together so that it is no longer open 關；關閉；合上；合攏◆She closed the gate behind her.她關上了身後的大門。◆She closed her eyes and fell asleep immediately.她閉上眼睛，立刻就睡着了。◆The doors open and close automatically.這些門自動開關。OPP open ⓘ The opposite is open. * close的反義詞是open◆She opened her bag and took out her passport.她打開包拿出了她的護照。◆The door opened and Alan walked in.門打開了，艾倫走了進來。 ■ shut (shutting, shut, shut) [transitive, intransitive] to make sth close; to become closed 關閉；關上；合上◆I can't shut my suitcase－it's too full.我的手提箱合不上－裝得太滿了。◆I shut my eyes against the bright light.我閉上眼睛，以防強光照射。◆He shut his book and looked up.他合上書，擡起頭來。◆The window won't shut.窗戶關不上。OPP open NOTE 辨析 Close or shut?You can use close and shut with the same range of nouns, but shut is used more often for containers such as boxes and suitcases. Shut is often used to talk about sudden actions, and can suggest more noise. Close often suggests doing things more slowly or gently. * close和shut可接的名詞範圍相同，但shut更多用於容器，如 box和suitcase。shut的動作一般較突然，聲音可能更大；相比之下，close的動作較爲緩慢和輕柔◆Close your eyes and go to sleep.閉上眼睛睡覺。◆She quietly closed the window and crept out of the room.她輕輕關上窗戶，悄悄走出了房間。 ■ lock [transitive, intransitive] to close sth firmly so that it will not open, using a lock; to be able to be closed firmly in this way; to put sth in a safe place and lock it （用鎖）鎖上；被鎖住；把⋯鎖起來◆The gates are locked at 6 o'clock.6點鐘鎖大門。◆This suitcase doesn't lock.這手提箱鎖不上。◆She locked her passport and money in the safe.她把自己的護照和錢鎖在了保險櫃裏。ⓘ A lock is a device that keeps a door, window, lid, etc. shut, usually needing a key to open it. * lock可作名詞，指鎖。 OPP unlock ⓘ To unlock sth is to undo the lock of a door, window, etc. using a key. * unlock指用鑰匙開鎖。■ slam (-mm-) [intransitive, transitive] to shut, or to make sth shut, with a lot of force, making a loud noise （使⋯）砰地關上◆I heard the door slam behind him.我聽見他砰地把身後的門關上了。◆He stormed out of the house, slamming the door as he left.他怒氣沖沖地從房子裏出來，把門砰地關上了。  see also slam ⇨ crash ▸ slam

noun

 [countable, usually singular] ◆The front door closed with a slam.前門猛地關上了。◆She gave the door a good hard slam.她使勁砰的一聲關上了門。■ draw (drew, drawn) [transitive] to close or open curtains or blinds 拉（窗簾或卷簾）◆Draw the curtains－it's dark outside.拉上窗簾吧，外面天黑了。◆She drew back the curtains and let the sunlight in.她拉開窗簾讓陽光照進來。■ bolt [transitive, intransitive] to lock a door or window by sliding a bolt across; to be able to be locked in this way 用插銷闩上；能被闩上◆Don't forget to bolt the door.别忘了闩門。◆The gate bolts on the inside.這扇門從裏面上闩。ⓘ A bolt is a long, narrow piece of metal that you slide across the inside of a door or window in order to lock it. * bolt可作名詞，指門窗的闩或插銷。close2 kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz

verb

 close a door/your eyes/a book 關門；閉眼；合上書a factory closes/close a factory 工廠倒閉；關閉工廠close ♦︎ cease trading ♦︎ fail ♦︎ close (sth) down ♦︎ collapse ♦︎ go bust ♦︎ crash ♦︎ go bankrupt ♦︎ fold ♦︎ flopThese are all words that can be used when a business stops operating, often because it does not have enough money to pay the bills and cannot borrow any more. 這些詞均表示停業、倒閉、破産。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a firm / company closes / ceases trading / fails / closes down / collapses / goes bust / crashes / goes bankrupt / folds◆a business closes / ceases trading / fails / closes down / collapses / goes bust / crashes / folds◆an industry closes down / collapses◆a person goes bust / goes bankrupt◆a / an factory / newspaper / operation / shop closes / closes down◆shares / prices / markets collapse / crash◆a show / play closes / folds / flops◆to suddenly close / close down / collapse / fold■ close [intransitive, transitive](of a business, service or show) to stop operating; to cause a business, service or show to stop operating （企業、服務或演出）停止運作；停業；關閉◆The hospital closed at the end of last year.這家醫院去年年底關閉了。◆The play closed after just three nights.這部劇僅上演了三個晚上就停演了。◆The club was closed by the police.那家俱樂部被警方查封了。◆They are closing their Liverpool factory.他們將關閉利物浦的工廠。OPP open ⓘ When a business, service or show opens it starts business or starts playing to the public for the first time. * open指企業開業、服務行業開始營業或演出首次登場◆The show opened to great reviews.首演好評如潮。◆The company opened its doors for business a month ago.那家公司一個月前開業。 ▸ closure ˈkləʊʒə(r); NAmE ˈkloʊʒər

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆factory closures工廠倒閉◆The hospital has been threatened with closure.這家醫院已經面臨關閉的威脅。■ ˌcease ˈtrading

phrase

 (formal, business 商業) (of a business) to stop operating （企業）停業◆A leading travel firm has ceased trading with the loss of a number of jobs.一家大旅行社已經停業，好些人丢了工作。■ fail [intransitive](of a business) to be unable to continue operating （企業）倒閉，破産◆More banks failed as people rushed to withdraw their money.由於人們爭相擠兌，更多銀行倒閉了。▸ failure

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆There has been an alarming increase in business failures.企業倒閉數字的上升令人擔憂。■ ˌclose ˈdown■ ˌclose sth ˈdown

phrasal verb

(of a business or service) to stop operating; to cause a business or service to stop operating （使）停業；關閉；倒閉◆Companies were closing down or reducing their workforce.公司紛紛倒閉或裁員。◆Banks are closing down their smaller branches.各銀行將關閉較小的分行。OPP open (sth) up ⓘ When a business or service opens up it starts operating; to open sth up is to start a new business or service. * open up指企業或服務行業開始運作，open sth up指開展新的業務或服務◆There's a new Thai restaurant opening up in town.城裏新開了一家泰國菜餐廳。 NOTE 辨析 Close or close down?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. Both can be used to talk about either a business or service; close but not close down can also be used to talk about a play or show. 兩者意思上沒有太大差别，均可用於企業或服務行業。close可用於戲劇或演出，但 close down不可以◆The play closed down after just three nights. ■ collapse [intransitive](of a business, prices, a market or an economy) to lose all or most of its value （企業）倒閉；（價格）暴跌；（市場）蕭條；（經濟）崩潰◆Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures.成交量不佳的消息使股價暴跌。◆The region's economy has virtually collapsed.該地區的經濟實際上已經崩潰。▸ collapse

noun

 [countable, usually singular] ◆the collapse of share prices / the dollar / the market股價／美元的暴跌；市場大蕭條■ go ˈbust

idiom

(goes, went, gone) (informal) (of a business or the person running it) to be unable to continue operating because there is no money （企業或其經營者）破産◆We lost our deposit when the travel company went bust.旅行社破産，我們的訂金都賠了進去。■ crash [intransitive] (rather informal) (of a business, market or prices) to lose all or most of its value suddenly （企業、市場或價格突然）貶值，倒閉，失敗；暴跌◆Share prices crashed to an all-time low yesterday.股價昨天暴跌到了歷史最低點。▸ crash

noun

 [countable] ◆the 1929 stock market crash1929年的股市暴跌NOTE 辨析 Collapse or crash?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. An economy can collapse but not crash. Crash is slightly more informal and suggests an even more sudden event. 這兩個詞意思沒有太大差别。economy可以和collapse搭配，但不可以和crash搭配。crash稍顯不正式，更強調突發性。■ go ˈbankrupt

phrase

(goes, went, gone)(of a person or company) to stop running a business because you do not have enough money to pay what you owe; (of a person) to ask a judge in court to officially say that you cannot pay your debts and are not allowed to borrow money （人或公司）破産；（人）申請破産◆Unfortunately the firm went bankrupt before the work was completed.不幸的是，這家公司在工程完成之前破産了。◆I have thousands of pounds of debt which I can't afford to pay back and am thinking of going bankrupt.我有數千英鎊的債務還不上，正在考慮申請破産。■ fold [intransitive] (rather informal) (of a business, organization or show) to close because it is no longer successful （企業或組織）倒閉；（演出）結束，停演◆His business folded and his wife left him.他生意失敗，妻子也離開了他。◆The musical folded after 16 performances.那部音樂劇演了16場後停演了。◆Her fan club has folded.她的追星族俱樂部關閉了。■ flop (-pp-) [intransitive] (rather informal) (of a film, show, product or project) to be a failure, especially because it is not popular （電影、演出、産品或項目）失敗，不成功（尤指因不受大衆歡迎）◆The play flopped on Broadway.這出戲在百老匯砸了鍋。◆Many of his ambitious schemes have flopped in the past.過去他的許多雄心大計都失敗了。   see also flop ⇨ disaster noun

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