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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental

adjective

fundamental ♦︎ underlying ♦︎ radical ♦︎ basic ♦︎ essential ♦︎ elementary ♦︎ ultimate ♦︎ rudimentaryThese words all describe things such as problems and ideas that concern the most basic and important parts of sth. 这些词均表示根本的、基本的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆fundamental / basic to sth◆a fundamental / an underlying / a radical / a basic / an essential difference / distinction◆a fundamental / an underlying / a radical / a basic change / improvement◆a fundamental / radical / basic approach◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / an elementary rule / principle◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / the ultimate truth◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / the ultimate cause / reason◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential assumption / aim / problem / cause / reason / need / weakness◆a fundamental / a basic / an elementary / a rudimentary skill / understanding / knowledge / level◆a fundamental / a basic / an elementary error / mistake■ fundamental ˌfʌndəˈmentl (rather formal, especially written) serious and very important; concerning the most central and important parts of sth; forming the necessary basis of sth 十分重大的；根本的；基本的◆There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.这两个观点有根本区别。◆A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required.公共医疗在组织架构上需要有一个根本性的变革。◆Hard work is fundamental to success.勤奋工作是成功的基础。  see also fundamentals ⇨ basics ▸ fundamentally

adverb

◆The two approaches are fundamentally different.这两种处理方法完全不同。◆By the 1960s the situation had changed fundamentally.到20世纪60年代形势已发生了根本的变化。■ underlying ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ; NAmE ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ [only before noun] (rather formal, especially written) important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly 根本的；潜在的；隐含的◆The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.隐含的假定是，可用的资金有限。◆Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.失业可能是犯罪率攀升的潜在原因。ⓘ Typical collocates of underlying include cause, assumption, reason, motive, trend, theme, problem, reality and aim. * underlying的常见搭配词有cause、assumption、reason、motive、trend、theme、problem、reality和aim。■ radical ˈrædɪkl [usually before noun] (rather formal, especially written) (of changes or differences) concerning the most central and important parts of sth; thorough and complete （变革或差异）根本的，彻底的；完全的◆There have been demands for radical reform of the law.一直就有对法律进行彻底变革的要求。◆This document marks a radical departure from earlier recommendations.这份文件标志着对先前建议的完全背离。  see also radical ⇨ radical adj. ▸ radically

adverb

◆The new methods are radically different from the old.新方法迥然异于老方法。◆Attitudes have changed radically.态度发生了根本的转变。NOTE 辨析 Fundamental or radical?A fundamental change or difference is one that involves the whole structure of a system or the principles on which sth is based. A radical change is an important change which has wide-ranging effects. * fundamental指变革或差异涉及一项制度的整体结构或事物的基本原则，radical指变革重大且影响广泛。■ basic concerning the most central and important parts of sth from which other things develop 基本的；基础的◆They haven't even given us the most basic information we need.连我们所需要的最基本的信息他们都还未提供。◆During the first term, we will concentrate on the basic principles of law.第一学期我们将着重讲授法律的基本原则。◆Drums are basic to African music.鼓是非洲音乐的基本乐器。ⓘ Basic can also be used before a noun to mean 'necessary and important to all people'. * basic用在名词前亦可表示“必需的、基本需要的”◆Aren't food and shelter basic human rights?享有食物和住所难道不是基本人权吗？◆The report sets out the cost of basic foods in several European countries.报告陈述了几个欧洲国家基本食物的费用。   see also basics ⇨ basics ▸ basically

adverb

◆Yes, that's basically correct.对，基本正确。◆There have been some problems but basically it's a good system.虽然出现过一些问题，但从根本上说这仍不失为一个好系统。■ essential [only before noun] connected with the most important aspect or basic nature of sb/sth 本质的；基本的；根本的◆The essential difference between Sara and me is our attitude to money.我与萨拉的根本区别在于我们对金钱的态度。◆The essential character of the town has been destroyed by the new road.这个城镇的主要特色被这条新马路毁了。   see also essence ⇨ nature 1 , essentials ⇨ basics ▸ essentially

adverb

◆There are three essentially different ways of tackling the problem.解决这个问题有三种完全不同的方法。◆The pattern is essentially the same in all cases.这种模式在所有情况下基本相同。NOTE 辨析 Basic or essential? Basic looks at things from a practical point of view, concentrating on what is important in order to do or understand sth. Essential looks at things from a more philosophical point of view, considering the very nature of things and what makes them different from or similar to other things. * basic指从实际的角度看问题，强调在操作或理解上的重点。essential更多从哲学的角度看问题，强调事物的本质及其异于或相似于他者的特征。■ elementary ˌelɪˈmentri (rather formal) concerning the most central and important matters or ideas 基本的；根本性的◆How could you make such an elementary mistake?你怎么能犯这种根本性错误？◆It's an elementary law of economics: the scarcer the commodity, the higher the price.这是经济学的基本法则：商品越稀缺，价格越高。ⓘ When it is used to talk about education or learning, elementary usually describes a level or a stage in learning a subject. * elementary修饰教育或学习时意思是初级的、基础的◆I'm taking classes in elementary Italian.我在上意大利语基础课程。 ■ ultimate [only before noun] from which sth originally comes 根本的；基本的；根源的◆the ultimate truths of philosophy and science哲学和科学的终极原理◆We could not trace the ultimate source of the rumours.我们不可能查出这些谣言的最初源头。▸ ultimately

adverb

◆All life depends ultimately on oxygen.一切生命归根到底都要依赖氧气。■ rudimentary ˌruːdɪˈmentri (formal) concerning only the most basic matters or ideas 基础的；基本的◆His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.他对这门语言仅有初步的认识。◆They were given only rudimentary training in the job.他们仅仅受过基本的职业训练。ⓘ Rudimentary most often describes knowledge, understanding, skill or training. * rudimentary最常描述knowledge、understanding、skill或training。

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