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IELTS BNC: 1103 COCA: 1229
lack

noun

lack ♦︎ absence ♦︎ deficit ♦︎ shortage ♦︎ shortfall ♦︎ deficiency ♦︎ scarcityThese are all words for talking about not having enough of sth or sth not being there. 这些词均表示缺乏、匮乏、短缺。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a shortage / shortfall / deficiency in sth◆a serious lack / deficit / shortage / shortfall / deficiency◆a major / severe lack / deficit / shortage / deficiency◆to have / suffer from a lack / absence / deficit / shortage / deficiency◆to face a lack / deficit / shortage / shortfall◆There is no lack / shortage / deficiency / scarcity of sth.■ lack [uncountable, singular] the state of not having sth or not having enough of sth 缺乏；匮乏；短缺◆a lack of food / money / skills缺乏食物／金钱／技能◆There was no lack of volunteers.志愿者不乏其人。◆They haven't won a game yet, but it isn't for lack of trying.他们还没赢过一场比赛，但并不是由于拼劲不足。◆The trip was cancelled through lack of (= because there was not enough) interest.因为缺乏兴趣，这次旅行取消了。  see also lacking ⇨ inadequate ▸ lack

verb

 [transitive, no passive] ◆Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.有些住宅仍然没有像卫生间这样的基本设施。◆He lacks confidence.他缺乏信心。■ absence [uncountable] the fact of sb/sth not existing or not being available 不存在；缺乏◆The case was dismissed in the absence of any definite proof.此案因缺乏确凿证据未予受理。◆I was surprised by the absence of any women on the board of directors.我真没想到董事会中竟然没有女性。 OPP presence ⓘ Presence is the fact of sb/sth being in a particular place or thing. * presence指某人或某物出现或存在于特定场所或事物之中◆The test can identify the presence of abnormalities in the unborn child.这项化验能够鉴定出胎儿是否畸形。 ■ deficit ˈdefɪsɪt [countable] the amount by which sth, especially an amount of money, is too small or smaller than sth else 不足额；（尤指）缺款额；缺少◆There's a deficit of $3 million in the total needed to complete the project.完成这项工程所需的全款中有300万元的亏空。◆The team has come back from a 2-0 deficit in the first half.该队在上半场0:2落后的情况下将比分扳回。ⓘ In economics a deficit is the amount by which money spent or owed is greater than money earned in a particular period of time. 在经济学中，deficit指在特定的一段时间内的赤字、逆差、亏损◆You cannot cut a budget deficit simply by raising taxes.不能仅靠增加税收来减少预算赤字。◆The trade balance has been in deficit for the past five years.过去五年来贸易状况一直是逆差。 OPP surplus ⇨ excess adj. ■ shortage ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ; NAmE ˈʃɔːrtɪdʒ [countable, uncountable] a situation in which there is not enough of the people or things that are needed 不足；缺少；短缺◆The government must address the current acute shortage of teachers.政府必须设法解决目前师资严重短缺的问题。◆The recent heavy rains have helped to ease the water shortage.近期的大雨使缺水的状况有所缓解。◆There is no shortage of (= there are plenty of) things to do in the town.城里不愁找不到事做。OPP surplus ⇨ excess adj.   see also short ⇨ scarce ■ shortfall ˈʃɔːtfɔːl; NAmE ˈʃɔːrtfɔːl [countable] a situation in which there is not enough of sth, especially money or supplies of sth （尤指资金或供应的）缺口，差额，短缺◆Last year there was a shortfall of over 500 000 tonnes in the grain supply.去年的粮食供应有超过50万吨的缺口。◆The estimated shortfall for this financial year is $1.2 million.本财政年度估算亏空120万元。NOTE 辨析 Shortage or shortfall? Shortfall is used especially to talk about sth that is expected, for example the money that a company expects to make in a period of time. There can be a shortage of people as well as most things, but not◆a shortfall of people * shortfall尤指预计会出现的事情，如公司预计在一段时间内盈利减少。shortage既可指大多数事物的短缺，也可指人员的短缺，但不说a shortfall of people。■ deficiency dɪˈfɪʃnsi [uncountable, countable] the state of not having, or not having enough of, sth that is essential, especially sth that is important for your health （尤指健康攸关的物质的）缺乏，缺少，不足◆Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness.饮食中缺乏维生素会导致疾病。◆The condition is caused by a deficiency of calcium.这种疾病是缺钙引起的。   see also deficient ⇨ inadequate ■ scarcity ˈskeəsəti; NAmE ˈskersəti [uncountable, countable] a situation in which there is not enough of sth, especially food or other resources, and it is difficult to obtain it （尤指食物或其他资源的）缺乏，不足，稀少◆We must ensure that the animals are given food in times of scarcity.我们必须确保这些动物在食物短缺时有东西吃。◆The job was made more difficult because of a scarcity of data.由于缺乏数据资料，这项工作难度更大了。   see also scarce ⇨ scarce

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