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BNC: 20 COCA: 30
byprepositionuk/baɪ/ us/baɪ/

by preposition AGENT

A2 used to show the person or thing that does something（用于表示动作的施动者）被，由

The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man.那辆摩托车由一个秃顶的小个子男人驾驶。
We were amazed by what she told us.我们对她所说的事感到很惊讶。
I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov.我在读契诃夫写的一些短篇小说。
The book was translated by a well-known author.这本书是由一位著名作家翻译的。
I felt frightened by the anger in his voice.我被他声音中的怒气吓坏了。

More examples

The roof of the temple was held up by a row of thick stone columns.

The girl's mother was at home today, being comforted by relatives.

The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.

The temperature is controlled by a thermostat.

Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune.

by preposition METHOD

A2 used to show how something is done（用于表示方式）

They travelled across Europe by train/car.他们乘火车／开汽车在欧洲旅行。
She did the decorating (all) by herself (= alone, without help from anyone).所有装饰都是她一人做的。
We went in by (= through) the front door.我们是从前门进去的。
Do you want to be paid in cash or by cheque?你想拿现金还是支票？
He learned English by listening to the radio.他通过听收音机来学习英语。
Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm (= took hold of this part of his body).突然，她抓住了他的手臂。
I refuse to live by (= following) their rules.我拒绝遵守他们的规矩。

More examples

She cheated in the test by copying from the boy in front.

I don't have any cash on me, so could I pay by cheque?

Whenever I travel by train, I always travel first class.

He managed to stay afloat by holding on to the side of the boat.

The pilot avoided a collision by changing course.

by preposition POSITION

B1 near or at the side of在…旁边，在…附近

A small child stood sullenly by her side.一个小孩闷闷不乐地站在她身边。
He wanted to keep her close by him always.他想让她一直呆在自己身边。
The policewoman walked by (= past) them without saying a word.那个女警察没说一句话就从他们身边走过去了。

More examples

We spent a week by the coast.

He held my arms down by my sides.

He has a house down by the harbour.

She sat reading by the fireside.

by preposition NOT LATER THAN

A2 not later than; at or before不迟于；早于

She had promised to be back by five o'clock.她答应过5点前回来。
The application must be in by the 31st to be accepted.申请必须在31号之前到达才会被接受。
By the time I got to the station the train had already gone.等我到达火车站时，火车已经开走了。

More examples

We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year.

All contributions for the school magazine must be received by 1 August.

We need a firm decision by the end of the week.

I've got to be home by seven.

I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.

by preposition MEASUREMENT

B2 used to show measurements or amounts（用于表示度量或数量）

Our office floor space measured twelve metres by ten (= was twelve metres in one direction and ten in the other).我们办公室的面积为12乘10米。
Their wages were increased by 15 percent.他们的工资上涨了15%。
Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work).自由职业者按小时领取报酬。
These phones have sold by the thousand (= several thousand have been sold).这些电话已经售出几千台。
minute by minute/hour by hour/day by day, etc. also by the minute/hour/day, etc.

used to say that something increases or changes with every minute, hour, day, etc. that passes随着每分钟（每小时，每天，等）的过去

The death toll from the hurricane was climbing minute by minute/by the minute.随着每分钟的过去，飓风造成的死亡人数一直在增加。
The credibility of the campaign has deterioriated month by month/by the month.随着每个月的过去，这项活动的声誉一直在下跌。
minute-by-minute/hour-by-hour, etc.

describing or showing what happens every minute, hour, etc.每分钟（每小时等）的（变化）

a minute-by-minute timeline of the incident 这一事件以分钟计的时间表
The book paints a detailed, week-by-week portrait of his father's illness.这本书详述了每一星期他父亲疾病的恶化过程。

by preposition DURING

during在…期间

We travelled by night and rested by day.我们昼伏夜行。
by nature, profession, trade, etc.

used when describing someone's character, job, etc.本性（职业等）上

She is, by nature, a sunny, positive kind of person.她本性是那种乐观开朗、积极向上的人。
He's a plumber by trade.他的职业是水暖工。
She was, by profession, a lawyer.她的职业是律师。
be all right/fine by sb

If something is all right/fine by someone, they agree that it can happen.同意，不反对

"I'd rather go later." "That's fine by me."“我想晚点去。”“我没意见。”
If it's all right by you, I'd like to leave now.如果你不反对的话，我想现在走。
byadverbuk/baɪ/ us/baɪ/

B1 at the side of or (in distance or time) past经过

The policewoman walked by without saying a word.那个女警察没说一句话就走过去了。
Why don't you call in for a cup of coffee next time you're passing by?下次你路过的时候干吗不进来喝杯咖啡呢？
The years flew by.岁月飞逝。

More examples

I was just passing by, so I thought I'd drop in for a chat.

He tapped Brown on the shoulder as he went by.

Idiom(s)

by and by

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