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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hardadjectiveuk/hɑːd/ us/hɑːrd/

hard adjective SOLID

A2 not easy to bend, cut, or break坚硬的，坚固的

a hard surface坚硬的表面
There was a heavy frost last night and the ground is still hard.昨晚霜冻很严重，地面现在仍很坚硬。
Heating the clay makes it hard.黏土加热会变硬。
Opposite
soft

More examples

Babies like to chew on hard objects when they're teething.

The ground was frozen hard and was impossible to dig.

Brazil nuts have very hard shells.

For running on hard roads, you need shoes with extra cushioning to absorb the shock.

Mahogany is a hard wood and pine is a soft wood.

hard adjective DIFFICULT

A1 difficult to understand, do, experience, or deal with困难的，费力的

There were some really hard questions in the exam.考试中有一些很难做的题目。
It's hard to say which of them is lying.很难说他们当中哪个在说谎。
It's hard being a single mother.做单身母亲很艰难。
Her handwriting is very hard to read.她的字迹很难辨认。
He's a hard man to please.他是个难以取悦的人。
The topics get harder later in the course.在以后的课程中题目会更难。
I feel sorry for the kids, too - they've had a hard time.我也觉得对不起孩子们——他们那一段过得很苦。
Opposite
easy

More examples

I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost concentration.

The exam is so hard that only 5% of all applicants pass.

It was hard to be angry with him when he looked so penitent.

They find it hard to live on their state pension.

Ending a relationship is always hard but in this case it's for the best.

The teacher found it hard to keep her class in order.

hard adjective USING EFFORT

B1 needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的

Go on - give it a good hard push!继续——用力推一把！
It was hard work on the farm but satisfying.农场的活儿很辛苦，但让人有满足感。

More examples

After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.

Give the rope a hard pull.

I gave the door a hard push, but it still wouldn't open.

After a hard climb, we were rewarded by a picture-postcard vista of rolling hills under a deep blue summer sky.

The last part of the course is much harder.

hard adjective SEVERE

B2 not pleasant or gentle; severe严厉的，苛刻的

You have to be quite hard to succeed in the property business.要想在房地产生意中获得成功，你必须相当强硬才行。
Ooh, you're a hard woman, Elaine!噢，你真是个硬心肠的女人，伊莱恩！
Our boss has been giving us all a hard time at work (= making our time at work difficult).我们老板一直都让我们工作的时候日子不好过。
be hard on sb

B2 to criticize someone severely, or to treat someone unfairly对（某人）严厉批评；对（某人）不公平

Don't be too hard on him - he's new to the job.别对他太苛刻——他刚开始做这项工作。

More examples

The authorities plan to come down hard on truancy in future.

"Well okay, perhaps I was a little hard on her, " he conceded.

The instructors worked us very hard on the survival course.

Watch out for those two - they're well hard.

Sports equipment is designed to withstand hard usage.

hard adjective ALCOHOL

[ before noun ] A hard drink contains a high level of alcohol.（酒）烈性的，酒精含量高的

hard liquor烈性酒

hard adjective WATER

Hard water contains a high level of minerals that prevent soap from cleaning.（水）硬的，含矿物质较多的

hard adjective CLEAR

[ before noun ] able to be proved可证实的，确凿的

hard facts/evidence确凿的事实／证据

hard adjective WEATHER

used to describe a time when there is bad weather（指某个时间）天气恶劣的

We had a very hard winter last year.去年冬天天气非常恶劣。

Idiom(s)

be no hard and fast rules
hard feelings
hard luck!
(that's) your hard luck
hard to swallow
the hard way
take a hard line on sb/sth
hardadverbuk/hɑːd/ us/hɑːrd/

hard adverb USING EFFORT

A1 with a lot of physical or mental effort费劲地，努力地，艰难地

Work hard and play hard, that's my motto.努力工作痛快玩，这是我的座右铭。
I'm not surprised he failed his exam - he didn't exactly try very hard!他没通过考试我一点都不感到奇怪——他根本就没用功。

More examples

Judy has never been very clever, but she tries hard.

I don't like the man, but I have to admit that he works incredibly hard.

This type of glass won't shatter no matter how hard you hit it.

I kicked the ball as hard as I could.

Blow really hard into the tube.

hard adverb WEATHER

B1 If it rains or snows hard, it rains or snows a lot.（雨或雪下得）猛烈地，大量地

It had been raining hard most of the afternoon.大半个下午都在下暴雨。

Idiom(s)

feel hard done-by
hard at it
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard

adjective¹

 1solid/stiff堅硬VERBS | ADVERB | PHRASES VERBS➤be, feel, look, seem堅固；感覺堅固；看上去堅實；好像結實◇The chairs felt hard and uncomfortable.這些椅子又硬又不舒服。➤become, go變得堅硬；硬起來◇Don't leave the cake uncovered or the icing will go hard.蛋糕得蓋上，否則上面的糖霜會變硬。➤stay保持堅硬ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極為／頗為／非常堅硬▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／稍微有些堅硬PHRASES➤rock hard堅如磐石◇The toffee was rock hard.這種太妃糖硬得像石頭。
hard

adjective²

 2difficult困難VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be, look, seem困難；看上去費力；好像費力▸➤become, get變得艱難◇Life got very hard.生活變得非常艱難。➤make sth使⋯變得困難◇If you tell the children the answers, it only makes it harder for them to do the work on their own.你要是把答案告訴孩子們，只會讓他們更難獨立完成作業。➤find sth覺得⋯困難◇I found the exam quite hard.我覺得這次考試非常難。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常困難▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／略微有些困難
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard adj.
⇨ hard (hard work) ⇨ difficult 1 (hard to believe) ⇨ difficult 2 (a hard life) ⇨ final (hard evidence) ⇨ harsh (a hard winter) ⇨ ruthless (a hard man) ⇨ solid (a hard chair)hard

adjective

hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling work◆a hard / a strenuous / an arduous climb◆a hard / an arduous / a gruelling journey◆a hard / gruelling / punishing schedule◆a hard / gruelling day■ hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆It's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。◆I've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。▸ hard

adverb

◆They work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦练。◆You must try harder.你得更加努力。◆She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。■ strenuous ˈstrenjuəs needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 费力的；繁重的；奋力的◆Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。◆The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船，船还是沉了。▸ strenuously

adverb

◆He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。◆The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。■ arduous ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəsinvolving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艰苦的；艰难的；（尤指）漫长艰巨的◆She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。◆an arduous task / process艰巨任务；艰难过程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表达的活动强度更大，但是持续的时间较短◆The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长，但应达到一定强度。 ■ gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) ˈgruːəlɪŋ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力尽的；折磨人的◆a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排◆a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目■ punishing (of planned activities) gruelling （活动计划）艰难持久的，令人疲惫不堪的◆a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划◆The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用于形容活动计划，仅与schedule、programme和regime等词搭配。
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard
Solid, stiff or hard: solid, stiff, hard...
Difficult to do and involving a lot of effort: difficult, hard, tough...
Not pleasant and enjoyable: unpleasant, bad, awful...
Brave and willing to take risks: brave, bold, heroic...
Cruel and unkind: cruel, unkind, evil...
Words used to describe effort: concerted, painstaking, all-out...
Words used to describe liquid: aerated, boiling, brackish...
Words used to describe cold weather: cold, crisp, brisk...
Frost, icy weather and freezing: frost, black ice, icicle...
True, definite and based on facts: true, certain, objective...
Words used to describe wet weather: rainy, showery, drizzly...

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