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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard adj.
⇨ hard (hard work) ⇨ difficult 1 (hard to believe) ⇨ difficult 2 (a hard life) ⇨ final (hard evidence) ⇨ harsh (a hard winter) ⇨ ruthless (a hard man) ⇨ solid (a hard chair)hard

adjective

hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling work◆a hard / a strenuous / an arduous climb◆a hard / an arduous / a gruelling journey◆a hard / gruelling / punishing schedule◆a hard / gruelling day■ hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆It's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。◆I've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。▸ hard

adverb

◆They work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦练。◆You must try harder.你得更加努力。◆She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。■ strenuous ˈstrenjuəs needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 费力的；繁重的；奋力的◆Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。◆The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船，船还是沉了。▸ strenuously

adverb

◆He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。◆The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。■ arduous ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəsinvolving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艰苦的；艰难的；（尤指）漫长艰巨的◆She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。◆an arduous task / process艰巨任务；艰难过程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表达的活动强度更大，但是持续的时间较短◆The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长，但应达到一定强度。 ■ gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) ˈgruːəlɪŋ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力尽的；折磨人的◆a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排◆a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目■ punishing (of planned activities) gruelling （活动计划）艰难持久的，令人疲惫不堪的◆a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划◆The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用于形容活动计划，仅与schedule、programme和regime等词搭配。

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