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IELTS BNC: 519 COCA: 494
break noun
⇨ holiday 1 (Spring Break) ⇨ holiday 2 (a weekend break) ⇨ opportunity (a lucky break) ⇨ pause (a break in your routine) ⇨ rest 2 (a lunch break)break verb
⇨ break 1 (break a window/leg) ⇨ break 2 (a machine breaks) ⇨ break 3 (break the law) ⇨ break 4 (break a promise) ⇨ convey (break the news to sb)break1

verb

 break a window/leg 打破窗户；摔断腿a machine breaks 机器坏了break the law 违反法律break a promise 违背诺言  ➡ See also the entry for smash 另见smash条break ♦︎ crack ♦︎ fracture ♦︎ snapThese words all refer to sth being damaged as a result of force, usually so that it separates into two or more parts. 这些词均表示打破、破裂、断裂。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to break / crack / fracture a bone / rib◆to break / fracture your hip / jaw / wrist◆to crack / fracture your skull◆to break / crack a / an cup / egg / mirror◆a branch / cable / rope breaks / snaps◆a broken / cracked / fractured pipe■ break (broke, broken) [intransitive, transitive] to damage sth or be damaged so that it separates into two or more parts, as a result of force （使）破，裂，碎◆She dropped the plate and it broke into pieces.她把盘子掉在地上打碎了。◆She fell off a ladder and broke her arm.她从梯子上掉下来，摔断了胳膊。◆I didn't mean to break the window.我不是故意打破窗玻璃的。◆He broke the chocolate in two and gave me half.他把那块巧克力一分为二，给了我一半。◆How did this dish get broken?这只盘子是怎么打破的？▸ breakage ˈbreɪkɪdʒ

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆The last time we moved house there were very few breakages.我们上次搬家时几乎没有什么物品破损。◆Wrap it up carefully to protect against breakage.把它包好，以免破损。■ crack [intransitive, transitive](of sth hard) to break so that lines appear in it, but without dividing into separate parts; to break sth in this way （使硬物）破裂，裂开，断裂◆The ice cracked as I stepped on it.我一踩冰就裂了。◆The leather / mud / paint / plaster had cracked.皮革／泥／油漆／灰泥已开裂。◆He has cracked a bone in his arm.他的手臂有一处骨裂。◆Her lips were dry and cracked.她的嘴唇干裂了。ⓘ Less frequently, to crack can involve breaking into separate parts, if it is used with a preposition. * crack与介词连用可表示打碎，此义较少用◆She cracked an egg into the pan.她往锅里打了一个鸡蛋。   see also crack ⇨ crack noun ■ fracture ˈfræktʃə(r) [intransitive, transitive] (rather formal) to break or crack; to make sth break or crack （使）断裂，折断，破裂◆Cast iron is not only heavy, but likely to fracture.铸铁不仅重，还有可能断裂。◆A gas escape from a fractured pipe was the likely cause of the explosion.可能是从破裂的管道里泄露的煤气引发了爆炸。◆He fell and fractured his skull.他跌倒摔裂了颅骨。▸ fracture

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆She sustained two fractures to her leg.她的一条腿有两处骨折。◆Ground movements could cause fracture of the pipe.地层移动可能导致管道破裂。NOTE 辨析 Break, crack or fracture?Any of these verbs can be used for bones; break or fracture but not crack can be used for joints. 这些动词均可指骨折或骨裂。break和fracture可指关节部位的骨折，但crack不能◆He cracked his hip/jaw/wrist. Only break can be used for arms and legs. 只有break可指手臂和腿骨折◆She cracked/fractured her arm/leg. Fracture is the usual verb for talking about skulls (= the bone structure in the head); you can also use crack, but not break. 颅骨开裂通常用fracture，也可用crack，但不用break◆He fell and broke his skull. ■ snap (-pp-) [intransitive, transitive] to break suddenly into two pieces with a sharp noise; to break sth in this way （使喀嚓）断裂，绷断◆Suddenly the rope snapped.绳子突然啪地绷断了。◆The wind had snapped the tree in two.风把树喀嚓一声刮断了。break2

verb

 break a window/leg 打破窗户；摔断腿a machine breaks 机器坏了break the law 违反法律break a promise 违背诺言break ♦︎ fail ♦︎ break down ♦︎ go wrong ♦︎ crash ♦︎ go downThese are all words that can be used when a machine stops working because of a fault. 这些词均表示机器出故障、失灵。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a video / watch breaks / goes wrong◆a washing machine breaks down / goes wrong◆an engine fails / breaks down◆a computer goes wrong / crashes◆a system fails / crashes / goes down■ break (broke, broken) [intransitive, transitive](of a device or small machine) to stop working as a result of being damaged; to damage a device or small machine and stop it from working （装置或小型机器）损坏，坏掉；弄坏◆My watch has broken.我的表坏了。◆I think I've broken the video.我可能把录像机弄坏了。■ fail [intransitive](of a system, part of a machine or system, or part of the body) to stop working （系统、机器或系统的一部分）出故障，失灵；（身体部位）出毛病◆The air-conditioning system failed on the hottest day of the year.空调系统在一年里最热的那天瘫痪了。◆The brakes on my bike failed halfway down the hill.我的自行车下山途中车闸失灵了。▸ failure

noun

 [uncountable, countable] ◆patients suffering from heart / kidney failure心脏／肾衰竭的病人◆A power failure plunged everything into darkness.停电使一切陷入黑暗。■ ˌbreak ˈdown

phrasal verb

(broke, broken)(of a machine or vehicle) to stop working because of a fault （机器或车辆）出故障，坏掉◆The washing machine has broken down again.洗衣机又坏了。◆We (= our car) broke down on the motorway.我们的车在高速公路上抛锚了。▸ breakdown ˈbreɪkdaʊn

noun

◆a breakdown on the motorway在高速公路上抛锚■ ˌgo ˈwrong

idiom

(goes, went, gone)to stop working correctly 发生故障；出毛病◆My watch keeps going wrong.我的手表老是出毛病。◆The new television set will contain fewer components to go wrong.新电视机出故障的部件会更少。ⓘ Machines, devices and parts inside machines and vehicles can go wrong; whole vehicles cannot. * go wrong指机器、装置或机器和车辆的零部件出毛病，车辆整体发生故障不能用go wrong◆The car has gone wrong again. If sth goes wrong, it may not stop working completely, as it does if it breaks or breaks down. * go wrong所指的故障未必使事物完全停止运转，break或break down则指彻底坏掉。 ■ crash [intransitive, transitive](of a computer or computer system) to stop working suddenly; to make a computer or computer system stop working suddenly （使计算机或计算机系统）崩溃◆Files can be lost if the system suddenly crashes.要是计算机系统突然崩溃，文件就可能丢失。▸ crash

noun

 [countable] ◆A systems crash in the morning and a bomb scare in the afternoon provided enough excitement.上午的计算机系统崩溃和下午的炸弹恐吓让人受够了刺激。■ ˌgo ˈdown

phrasal verb

(goes, went, gone) [intransitive](of a computer system) to stop working temporarily （计算机系统）暂停运行◆The system is going down in ten minutes.系统十分钟后要暂停运行。NOTE 辨析 Crash or go down?Individual computers or whole systems can crash and this is always sudden and unexpected; when a system goes down, it may have been turned off deliberately to prevent people from using it while work is carried out on it. * crash指单个计算机或整个系统意外地突然崩溃；go down指系统或许被故意关闭，以阻止执行工作时有人使用。break3

verb

 break a window/leg 打破窗户；摔断腿a machine breaks 机器坏了break the law 违反法律break a promise 违背诺言break ♦︎ breach ♦︎ infringe ♦︎ violateThese words all mean to do sth that is against the law, an agreement or a principle. 这些词均表示违反法律、协议或原则。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to break / breach / infringe a regulation◆to break / breach / violate a rule / law / treaty◆to break / infringe / violate a code◆to break / violate a ceasefire / truce◆to breach / infringe / violate copyright◆to breach / infringe / violate Article 12 of the treaty■ break [transitive] to do sth that is against the law or a rule or agreement 违反（法律、规定或协议）◆to break an agreement / a contract违反协议／合同◆Would you be willing to break the law to achieve your goal?你愿意为达到目的而违反法律吗？◆They insist that they have not broken any rules.他们坚持说他们没有违反任何规章。◆He was breaking the speed limit (= driving faster than the law allows).他违章超速行驶。OPP obey ⇨ follow 3 ■ breach briːtʃ [transitive] (formal) to not keep an agreement; to not obey a rule or law 违背；违反；违犯◆The government is accused of breaching the terms of the treaty.政府被控违反条约中的规定。OPP comply ⇨ follow 3 ▸ breach

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆a breach of contract / copyright / warranty违约；侵犯版权；违反保证◆This action is in breach of Article 119 of the Constitution.该行为触犯了宪法第119条。NOTE 辨析 Break or breach? Breach is more formal. You can breach a particular rule, but you would break 'the law' in general. 与break相比，breach较正式。特指违反某一规章可用breach，泛指违法则用break◆areas where EU limits were breached违反欧盟限制的地区◆They are breaching the law and could be in serious trouble. People break laws. Either people or actions can breach rules. 表示人违法用break laws，人或行为违背规章均可用breach rules。 ■ infringe ɪnˈfrɪndʒ [transitive, intransitive] (formal) (of an action or plan) to break a law; to limit sb's legal rights （行动或计划）违法；侵犯，侵害（合法权益）◆The material can be copied without infringing copyright.这份材料可以复制，不会侵犯版权。◆They said that compulsory identity cards would infringe civil liberties.他们说强制办理身份证会侵犯公民自由。◆She refused to answer questions that infringed on her private affairs.她拒绝回答侵犯她隐私的问题。▸ infringement

noun

 [uncountable, countable] ◆copyright infringement对版权的侵犯◆an infringement of his personal liberty对他的人身自由的侵犯■ violate ˈvaɪəleɪt [transitive] (formal) to refuse to obey or keep a law, principle or agreement; to disturb or not respect sb's peace or privacy 违反，违犯，违背（法律、原则或协议）；搅扰；侵犯（隐私）◆The directive violates fundamental human rights.该指令违反基本人权。◆She accused press photographers of violating her privacy.她指责新闻摄影记者侵犯了她的隐私。OPP respect ⇨ follow 3   see also invade ⇨ interfere ▸ violation

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆gross violations of human rights对人权的粗暴践踏◆They were in open violation of the treaty.他们公然违反条约。NOTE 辨析 Infringe or violate? Violate often describes actions that are not just illegal, but morally wrong. Infringe can be about sb's personal rights, but it is not as strong as violate, which is more about universal human rights. * violate所描述的行为常常不仅是非法的，还是不道德的。infringe可以指侵犯个人权利，但不如violate强烈，violate更多指侵犯普世人权。break4

verb

 break a window/leg 打破窗户；摔断腿a machine breaks 机器坏了break the law 违反法律break a promise 违背诺言break ♦︎ withdraw ♦︎ do a U-turn ♦︎ retract ♦︎ recant ♦︎ take sth back ♦︎ backtrack ♦︎ go back on sthThese words all mean to change an earlier statement, opinion or promise. 这些词均表示改变、撤回原先的声明、观点或承诺。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to break / withdraw / go back on a promise◆to break / go back on your word / an agreement◆to withdraw / retract a / an claim / allegation / confession■ break [transitive] to not keep a promise or agreement 违背（诺言或协议）◆I've never broken my word; why should I do it now?我从未食言过，为什么现在要这么做？◆She has already broken three appointments (= not gone to them).她已经爽约三次了。OPP keep ⇨ keep 5 ■ withdraw wɪðˈdrɔː, wɪθˈdrɔː(withdrew, withdrawn) [transitive] (formal) to say that you no longer believe that sth you previously said is true 收回，撤回，撤销（说过的话）◆The newspaper withdrew the allegations the next day.这家报纸第二天收回了那些说法。■ ˌdo a ˈU-turn (informal, especially journalism 尤用于新闻) to make a complete change in policy or behaviour, usually one that is embarrassing （在政策或行为上）作出（令人尴尬的）彻底转变◆The Prime Minister may be forced to do another humiliating U-turn on Europe.首相在欧洲政策上也许再一次被迫做出不光彩的180度大转变。ⓘ Do a U-turn is most often found in contexts relating to politics and business. Because doing a U-turn is seen as being an embarrassing experience, it is usually used with verbs such as have to and be forced to. * do a U-turn最常出现在与政治和商业相关的语境里。由于do a U-turn被视作令人尴尬的做法，故通常与have to、be forced to等动词连用。   see also U-turn ⇨ revolution 2 ■ retract rɪˈtrækt [transitive] (formal) to say that sth you said earlier is not true or correct or that you did not mean it 撤销，收回（说过的话）◆He made a false confession which he later retracted.他作了假供词，后来又翻供。  see also retraction ⇨ denial NOTE 辨析 Withdraw or retract?In many cases you can use either word. 在许多情况下这两个词可以通用◆to withdraw / retract a claim / an allegation / a confession撤销声明／说法／供词However, retract is used more often when sb has been forced to say sth (like a false confession) that they did not really mean and wish to give their true opinion; withdraw is used more often when sb has made a claim or accusation against sb that they cannot prove, and is forced to admit that it is not true. 不过，某人被迫说了本意不想说的话（如假供词），但希望能说出真实的看法时较常用retract；某人作出了针对他人未经证实的断言或指控，被迫承认所言非实时较常用withdraw。 ■ recant rɪˈkænt [transitive, intransitive] (formal) (especially in the past) to say publicly that you no longer have the same belief or opinion （尤指旧时）公开宣布放弃（原先的信仰或观点）◆In 1633 he was forced to recant his assertion that the earth orbited the sun.他在1633年被迫公开宣布放弃地球围绕太阳运转的断言。■ ˌtake sth ˈback

phrasal verb

(took, taken) (rather informal, especially spoken) to admit that sth you said was wrong or that you should not have said it 收回，撤回（说过的不当的话）◆OK, I take it all back!好吧，我把我说过的话统统收回！ⓘ Take sth back is most often used in spoken expressions such as Would you like to take that back? (said to sb who has just offended the speaker), Can I take that back? or I take it (all) back. * take sth back最常用于口语表达，如Would you like to take that back?（你愿意收回那句话吗？）；Can I take that back?（我可以收回那句话吗？）；I take it (all) back.（我把我说过的话（统统）收回。）■ backtrack ˈbæktræk [intransitive] (especially business 尤用于商业 or politics 政治) to change an earlier statement, opinion or promise because of pressure from sb/sth （屈于压力而）改变声明（或主张），出尔反尔；退缩◆The trade unions have had to backtrack on their main demand.工会不得不改变了主要的诉求。■ ˌgo ˈback on sth

phrasal verb

(goes, sent, gone) (rather informal) to fail to keep a promise; to change your mind about sth 违背承诺；食言；改变主意◆They have no intention of going back on any of their commitments.他们无意背弃他们作出的任何承诺。

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